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01 Nov 2021 | 04:56 PM (IST)

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Chronic kidney disease

Description of Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the loss of kidney function over the time. The gradual progression occurs over years and is eventually permanent if untreated. The destruction of the nephrons eventually leads to building up of toxins and water in the body leading to other complications. The condition is marked by premature deaths, lower quality of life, and increased medical expenses.

Causes and Risk Factors of Chronic kidney disease

Common causes are:

1. Hypertension

2. Diabetes

3. Heart disease

4. Nephrotoxins

5. Hyperlipidemia

6. Polycystic kidney disease

7. Glomerulonephritis

Signs and Symptoms of Chronic kidney disease

Common symptoms are:

1. Generalized malaise, weakness, and fatigue

2. Nausea and vomiting

3. Increased frequency of urination, especially at night -- nocturia

4. Fluid retention leading to edema

5. Shortness of breath

6. Loss of appetite

7. Confusion and lethargy

8. Skin is easily bruised, itchy, or pale

9. Bleeding

10. Fractures and bone pain

Complications and When Should You See a Doctor

Complications may include:

1. Hypertension

2. Impaired cognitive function

3. Uremic encephalopathy

4. Peripheral neuropathy

5. Renal osteodystrophy

6. Arthropathy and bone pain

7. Fluid retention leading to hypertension and pulmonary edema

Treatment of Chronic kidney disease

1. Medications will include:

a) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)

b) Diuretic medications

c) Erythropoiesis stimulating agents

d) Sodium bicarbonate

2. Renal replacement therapy

3. Surgical treatments include kidney transplantation

Prognosis and Prevention

1. CKD generally progresses to end-stage renal disease, but is undetected initially due to its gradual progression.

2. Chronic dialysis is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates.

3. Patients with underlying diabetes and hypertension should be aware of the higher risk of developing CKD.

4. Eat kidney healthy foods

5. Include moderate workout in your daily routine

Investigations

In the early stages, there are no signs or symptoms and lab tests may be the only way to diagnose CKD.

1. Urine tests

2. 24-hour urine test

3. Blood test such as complete blood count (CBC)

4. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

5. Creatinine levels

6. Kidney ultrasound

7. Biopsy

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Disclaimer

Tata 1mg's sole intention is to ensure that its consumers get information that is expert-reviewed, accurate and trustworthy. However, the information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of a qualified physician. The information provided here is for informational purposes only. This may not cover all possible side effects, drug interactions or warnings or alerts. Please consult your doctor and discuss all your queries related to any disease or medicine. We intend to support, not replace, the doctor-patient relationship.