Symptoms Of Skin Cancer 

Skin cancer often begins as unusual changes in the skin. Recognizing these warning signs early can help with timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Common symptoms include: 

• Asymmetric moles or spots with irregular borders

• Changes in color or variation within a mole or lesion

• Moles or growths that change in size, shape, height, or evolve over time

• Sores, ulcers, or patches that do not heal or keep coming back

• Bleeding, crusting, or oozing of a lesion

• Itching, tenderness, or pain in or around a spot or mole.

If you notice any of these signs, stay calm but take action — early guidance can make a real difference. Book an appointment for a doctor consultation today.
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Types Of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer refers to a group of cancers that start in the skin. Some grow slowly and are easier to treat, while others are more serious. Main types of skin cancer include:

• Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer. It generally starts on skin areas exposed to the sun, such as the face and hands. It is usually slow-growing and rarely spreads.

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type also occurs on sun-exposed skin. It can grow faster than BCC and may spread (metastasize) if not treated.

• Melanoma: This is less common but much more serious. Starts in pigment-producing cells called the melanocytes and can spread quickly through the body.

• Kaposi sarcoma: This cancer affects skin blood vessels, often appearing as purplish patches or lumps. More common in people with weakened immune systems.

• Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare, aggressive skin cancer that grows quickly and may spread. They usually appear as painless, firm bumps or nodules on the skin.

Causes Of Skin Cancer

• Skin cancer mainly develops because of damage to skin cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight.  

• Over time, repeated sun exposure harms the DNA inside skin cells. 

• Normally, DNA helps cells grow and repair properly, but when it’s damaged and not fixed, the cells may start growing uncontrollably and form cancer.

There are two main types of UV rays involved, like

• UV-A penetrates deeper into the skin and causes skin aging and long-term damage.

• UV-B reaches the outer skin layers and directly damages DNA, leading to mutations.

Both UV-A and UV-B rays can cause harmful genetic changes. Be sunproof with our wide range of sunscreens for every skin type.
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Risk Factors For Skin Cancer

Skin cancer develops when skin cells are damaged and begin to grow abnormally. While frequent sun exposure or tanning beds are the leading cause, other factors and conditions can also raise your risk. They include:

• Fair skin: Having fair skin, light hair, or light-colored eyes means you have less melanin. This is the pigment that naturally protects against UV damage.

• History of sunburn: Blistering burns in childhood or adolescence are linked to a higher risk of skin cancer.

• Weakened immune system: Due to organ transplants, HIV infections, or medications, skin cancer can increase.

• Family or personal history of skin cancer: Having a parent, sibling, or past diagnosis increases the chance.

• Atypical moles: Unusual moles called dysplastic nevi or a high mole count can raise the risk of skin cancer, especially melanoma.

• Occupational exposures: Exposure to arsenic, coal tar, or radiation at work increases the risk.

• Photosensitizing medications: Certain drugs, like antibiotics, chemotherapy medications, etc, can make the skin more sensitive to sunlight.

• Geography and altitude: Living closer to the equator or at higher elevations means more UV exposure and increased risk of skin cancer.

• Age: Older people, especially after 50 years, have an increased risk as UV damage accumulates over time.

• Gender: Men have higher rates of skin cancer, likely due to more outdoor exposure and less use of protection.

• Genetic conditions: Rare syndromes like xeroderma pigmentosum greatly heighten the skin cancer risk.

Diagnosis Of Skin Cancer

Early detection can make a big difference in treating skin cancer effectively. Regular self-checks help you notice unusual changes sooner.

Self-examination 

Check your whole body in good light for non-healing dry spots, new or changing bumps, or moles that fit the ABCDE rule.

ABCDE rule for skin check

A – Asymmetry: One half of the mole or spot looks different from the other half

B – Border: Irregular or uneven edges

C – Color: Varied shades (brown, black, red, etc.)

D – Diameter: Larger than 6 mm

E – Evolving: Changing in size, shape, or color

Physical examination and history

A dermatologist first examines your skin closely. They check the size, shape, color, and texture of any spots or lesions. They also ask about your sun exposure, family history, and any recent skin changes to assess your skin cancer risk.

Biopsy

If a mole or spot looks suspicious, your doctor may perform a skin biopsy, where a small tissue sample is examined under a microscope. Types of biopsies include:

• Incisional biopsy: A small sample of the affected skin is removed for lab testing.
  
• Excisional biopsy: The entire abnormal area, along with a small margin of healthy skin, is surgically removed.
  
• Shave biopsy: The upper layers of the skin are shaved off for examination.
  
• Punch biopsy: A circular tool is used to remove deeper layers of skin for thicker or raised growths.
  
• Lymph node biopsy: It checks if cancer cells have spread from the skin to nearby lymph nodes
  
  

Imaging tests (If spread is suspected)

• CT scan: It detects if cancer may have spread to the nearby lymph nodes or another part of the body.

• MRI scan: It detects the spread of cancer to deeper tissues, lymph nodes, or nearby organs, especially in advanced or complex cases such as melanoma.

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Staging of Skin Cancer

Staging helps determine how far skin cancer has grown and guides treatment decisions:

• Stage 1: Cancer is 2 cm or smaller across and confined to the skin.

• Stage 2: Cancer is larger than 2 cm but no more than 4 cm and is still limited to the skin.

• Stage 3: Cancer may be larger than 4 cm or invade nearby structures such as bones, nerves, or subcutaneous tissue, even if it hasn’t reached lymph nodes. Stage 3 also includes cases where cancer is smaller than 4 cm but has spread to a single nearby lymph node (≤3 cm).

• Stage 4: Cancer of any size that has spread to one or more lymph nodes and possibly to distant organs.

Prevention Of Skin Cancer

Preventing skin cancer starts with minimizing exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Key strategies include:

Avoid peak sun hours

UV rays are strongest between 10:00 am and 3:00 pm. Use the shadow rule- if your shadow is shorter than your height, increase sun protection.

Use protective clothing

Wear wide-brimmed hats, full-length clothing, and UV-blocking sunglasses. 

Do not skip the sunscreen

Apply broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen daily, and for extended outdoor activity, use SPF 50+ water-resistant sunscreen. When outdoors, reapply sunscreen every two hours, or after swimming or sweating.

Tip: Don’t forget to apply to the tops of your feet, your neck, your ears, and the top of your head. 

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Take extra care of babies

Keep newborns out of the sun; use sunscreen only on babies older than six months.

Avoid tanning beds

Ultraviolet light from tanning beds can cause skin cancer and premature skin aging. Consider using a self-tanning product if you want to look tan, but continue to use sunscreen with it.

Monitor UV Index

Check the UV Index via weather apps, news, or online sources to plan safe outdoor activities.

Perform regular skin checks

Examine your skin head-to-toe every month for new or changing spots. Schedule a professional skin exam with a dermatologist at least once a year.

Doctor To Visit

Managing skin cancer often requires collaboration among multiple experts to provide an accurate diagnosis and the most effective treatment. Key specialists who may be involved include:

• Dermatologist

• Surgical Oncologist

• Medical Oncologist

• Radiation Oncologist

A dermatologist performs skin exams, identifies suspicious moles or lesions, and conducts biopsies. They are often the first point of contact for skin concerns.

A surgical oncologist performs surgical removal of cancerous lesions, including Mohs surgery (targeted skin incision) for precise excision while preserving healthy tissue.

A medical oncologist prescribes and monitors chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy if cancer has advanced or spread.

A radiation oncologist plans and delivers radiation therapy to treat skin cancer that cannot be fully removed surgically or to prevent recurrence.

When to see a doctor?

Consult a specialist promptly if you notice:

• New or changing moles, spots, or growths

• Persistent sores that don’t heal

• Red, scaly patches or bumps that bleed

• Pain, itching, or unusual changes in skin texture

Consult a professional promptly if you notice these symptoms, as early diagnosis can make all the difference.
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Treatment Of Skin Cancer

Treatment for skin cancer depends on the type, size, and stage of the cancer. Most cases are treatable when detected early. Common options include:

1. Surgery

• Simple excision: Removes the tumor along with some healthy tissue.

• Mohs micrographic surgery: Cancer is removed layer by layer while checking each layer under a microscope to ensure all cancer cells are gone. This is often done for facial or delicate areas to preserve normal skin.

• Shave excision: The tumor is shaved off at the skin surface.

• Curettage and electrodesiccation: The tumor is scraped and treated with electric current to destroy remaining cells.

• Cryosurgery: Liquid nitrogen freezes and destroys abnormal cells.

• Laser surgery & dermabrasion: A laser is used to precisely cut tissue. The focused laser beam targets the cancer cells directly, effectively destroying them, mainly for actinic keratosis or superficial lesions.
  
  

2. Radiation therapy

It uses high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered in two main ways:

• External radiotherapy: Beams are directed at the cancer from a machine outside the body. It’s the most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer.

• Internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy): Radioactive material is placed close to the tumor for targeted treatment. 

3. Chemotherapy

• Topical chemotherapy: Creams such as fluorouracil (5-FU) are applied directly to the skin to kill cancer cells in early or surface-level lesions.

• Systemic (oral or intravenous) route: Drugs are given orally or via IV so they reach the whole body—used mainly when cancer has spread (metastasised) or for aggressive cancers like malignant melanoma. 

For example, systemic chemotherapy with Dacarbazine has been used in metastatic melanoma.

4. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

• A light-sensitive drug (photosensitizer) called porfimer sodium is applied or injected and activated with a special light to destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. 

• Commonly used for actinic keratosis and early-stage skin cancers.

5. Immunotherapy

Boosts the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

• PD-1 inhibitors like cemiplimab and pembrolizumab are used for advanced squamous cell carcinoma.

• Topical imiquimod cream helps treat small basal cell carcinomas.

• Interferon injections may also be used in some cases.

6. Targeted Therapy

Drugs like vismodegib and sonidegib block specific molecular signals in basal cell carcinoma cells, slowing or stopping their growth.

7. Other Treatments

• Chemical peels are used for actinic keratosis (sun-damaged skin patch).

• Retinoids, diclofenac, and ingenol may help treat early skin changes and prevent recurrence.
  
  

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Home-care For Skin Cancer

Supportive skin care helps manage side effects from cancer treatment, but does not replace medical care. Always consult your doctor before trying anything new.
Here are a few home-care tips:

During radiation or other treatments

• Gentle cleansing: Wash treated skin daily with lukewarm water and mild, low-pH cleansers. Avoid scrubbing, washcloths, sponges, or loofahs.
  
  

• Moisturize regularly: Apply only doctor-recommended moisturizers to keep skin hydrated. Avoid applying to open wounds.
  
  

• Avoid shaving: Shaving treated areas can cause irritation or rashes.
  
  

• Protect from friction: Wear loose-fitting clothing to prevent rubbing against sensitive skin.
  
  

• Skip irritants: Avoid talcum powders, antiperspirants, sticky medical patches, and fragranced cosmetics.
  
  

• Care for wounds properly: Follow instructions for redness, sores, or scabs to prevent infection and speed healing.
  
  

Tip: Radiation therapy can cause skin irritation or burns. Find doctor-recommended skin care products and supportive therapies to soothe and protect your skin during treatment.
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Protect your skin at home and beyond

During and after treatment, your skin becomes more sensitive and vulnerable to damage. Shield it by:

• Wearing sun-protective clothing and wide-brimmed hats even when stepping outside briefly.

• Apply a sunscreen recommended by your care team to protect healing skin.

• Seek shade and avoid tanning beds to reduce irritation and long-term risks.
  
  

Both UV-A and UV-B rays can still cause harmful changes even on recovering skin. Make sun protection part of your daily home care routine- our wide range of sunscreens caters to every skin type.
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Complications Of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer can do more than affect your skin, it can cause, long-term complications like:

• Local tissue invasion: Cancer may grow deeper or spread to the surrounding skin, causing tissue damage and pain.

• Metastasis: In rare cases, skin cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, brain, lymph nodes, or other skin areas.

• Infection: Ulcerated or open skin lesions are at risk of bacterial infection.

• Scarring and disfigurement: Damage from the tumor or surgery can lead to temporary or permanent physical changes, affecting appearance or mobility.

• Symptoms at the site: People may experience pain, itching, bleeding, or discomfort in the affected area.

• Psychological effects: People may face stress, anxiety, or depression due to the diagnosis, treatment, or changes in appearance.
  
  

Treatment-related complications

• Infection: Bacterial contamination can delay wound healing.

• Bleeding: May occur during or after surgery or biopsy.

• Wound dehiscence: It is the reopening of the surgical wound instead of healing properly, often due to tension or infection.

• Tissue necrosis: Death of skin tissue around the treated area.

Alternative Therapies For Skin Cancer

Alternative therapies can support skin cancer treatment by helping manage symptoms, reduce treatment side effects, and improve overall well-being. They should never replace conventional medical care and must be used under the guidance of your doctor. Some helpful approaches include:

Acupuncture and acupressure

Using fine needles or gentle pressure on specific points of the body, these therapies may help relieve pain, nausea, vomiting, or fatigue caused by cancer treatment.

Massage and touch therapies

Gentle massages or reflexology targeted pressure on hands or feet can improve mood, reduce stress, relieve tension, and provide comfort during recovery.

Mind-body practices

Meditation, guided imagery, relaxation techniques, hypnosis, or music therapy can calm the mind, ease anxiety, improve sleep, and provide short-term relief from discomfort.

Yoga and Tai Chi

Tai chi is a gentle, slow-paced Chinese martial art that combines deep breathing with flowing movements. These gentle movement practices enhance flexibility, balance, relaxation and physical strength, while also reducing fatigue or tiredness and promoting mental clarity.

Creative Outlets

Engaging in art, music, or dance offers emotional expression, stress relief, and improved mood.

Living With Skin Cancer

Living with skin cancer affects more than just your physical health; it can influence your daily life, emotional well-being, and recovery. Focusing on self-care, emotional support, and regular follow-ups can help you manage the journey more smoothly. Here are key points to keep in mind:

Take care of yourself

• Healthy diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to support healing and overall health.
  
  

• Rest and stress management: Tiredness is common during and after treatment. Prioritize rest and try stress-relieving practices such as meditation, light yoga, or deep breathing exercises.
  
  

• Daily activities: Focus on essential tasks, take breaks often, and ask for help from family or friends when needed.
  
  

Dealing with emotions

• A skin cancer diagnosis can bring anxiety, sadness, or fear.

• Stay connected with loved ones, share your feelings openly, and consider joining a support group to talk with others experiencing similar challenges.
  
  

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Manage the cost of care

• Treatment and follow-up appointments can be expensive and stressful.
  
  Discuss costs with your doctor and explore support programs or organizations that assist in treatment, medicines, travel, or accommodation.
  
  

Continue follow-up care

• Follow up every 3 to 6 months for the first few years, depending on the stage of your melanoma, then every 6 to 12 months as advised by your doctor.
  
  

• Imaging tests (ultrasound/CT) may be recommended for advanced melanoma.
  
  

• Perform monthly self-exams for new or changing moles and lumps.
  
  

• Report any skin changes, irritation, or swelling promptly.
  
  

• Discuss side effects like pain, scarring, or skin sensitivity with your doctor.
  
  

• Address fatigue, appetite loss, sleep issues, or emotional concerns early.
  
  

• Doctors may also guide care for treatment-related side effects, including pain, scarring, or changes in skin sensitivity.
  
  

• Address concerns about energy levels, appetite, sleep, or emotional health with your healthcare team.

Getting the right guidance early can make all the difference. We’re here to support you with cancer care on Tata 1mg every step of the way.
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